RATIONAL METHOD OF ESTIMATING RUNOFF

 RATIONAL METHOD OF ESTIMATING RUNOFF

Rational Method: The rational method is used around the world for peak flow estimation of small rural drainage basins and is the most widely used method for urban drainage design.  

The rational method equation is given below:

Q = kCiA

where: Q - peak flow (m3/s).

k - conversion factor equal to 0.00278 (metric). (=1/360)

C - dimensionless runoff coefficient.

i - rainfall intensity (mm/hr).

A - catchment area (ha).

The Catchment Area, A

The catchment area, A, is determined from a map which includes the drainage area of interest. 

The boundaries of the drainage area using a contour map. 

Once the boundaries are known, the area can be determined using the map scale. 

Since the area must be in acres for use in the Rational Method equation, a useful conversion factor is 43,560 ft2/acre.

The Runoff Coefficient, C

The runoff coefficient is the fraction of rainfall striking the drainage area that becomes runoff from that drainage area. It is an empirically determined constant, dependent on the nature of the drainage area surface. 

An impervious surface like a concrete parking lot will have a runoff coefficient of nearly one. 

A very tight clay soil will also have a relatively high runoff coefficient.

Sandy soil would have more infiltration and a lower runoff coefficient. 

In addition to the nature of the surface and the soil, the slope of the drainage area has an effect on the runoff coefficient. 

A steeper slope leads to a higher runoff coefficient. 

Tables showing the values for runoff coefficient for a variety of types of drainage areas in handbooks, textbooks and on the internet. 

Sample values for ready reference is shown below

The Design Rainfall Intensity, i

The design rainfall intensity is the intensity of a constant intensity design storm with the specified design return period and duration equal to the time of concentration of the drainage area.

Once the design return period and duration are determined, the design rainfall intensity can be determined from an appropriate intensity-duration-frequency graph or equation for the location of the drainage area. 

INFILTRATION & RUNOFF DEFINITIONS

 INFILTRATION & RUNOFF

Two important aspects of Hydrological Cycle are

1. Infiltration

2. Runoff

INFILTRATION

All precipitation will not become surface runoff.

Some quantity of precipitation infiltrates into the ground.

The infiltration plays a significant role on the relationship between rainfall and runoff.

If the soil is wet, less water infiltrates and more surface runoff is generated.

Similarly, if the soil is dry, more water (usually) is able to soak into the ground.

RUNOFF

The water left after infiltration flows overground as runoff

Volume of runoff depends on:

 Rainfall intensity and duration

 Type of surface (pervious or impervious)

 Area of catchment

Usually

(a) Low intensity rainfall - Mostly Infiltrates

(b) High intensity rainfall - Infiltrates and become surface runoff

Runoff depends on the catchment characteristics and can be related as

(a)Thick vegetation = low volume, slow runoff

(b) Paved area = high volume, fast runoff 

Introduction to Hydrology

 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY

Hydrological cycle Comprises of

1. Precipitation

2. Evaporation

3. Transpiration

Precipitation & Evaporation are the two most important elements of the water cycle for hydrologists.

The water cycle is

1. A closed system

2. No water being created or lost, just moved around.

3. Its a Finite resource – but renewable if quality controlled.

Components of a Hydrologic Cycle is as shown in the figure

A Typical flowchart of a Hydrologic Cycle is as shown in the figure below

Precipitation: All forms of moisture being released from the atmosphere.

Rainfall and evaporation are measured by depth (usually millimetres)

One cubic metre (m3) = 1000 litres

One millimetre depth over one hectare = 10 m3 

10cm depth over one hectare = 1000 m3 = 1 Megalitre (ML)

Rainfall and evaporation are also by rate (mm/hour,  mm/day,  mm/year)

SHEAR KEYS IN RETAINING WALL DESIGN

 

FUNCTION OF SHEAR KEYS IN THE DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS

In determining the external stability of retaining walls, failure modes like bearing failure, sliding and overturning are normally considered in design. In considering the criterion of sliding, the sliding resistance of retaining walls is derived from the base friction between the wall base and the foundation soils. To increase the sliding resistance of retaining walls, other than providing a large self-weight or a large retained soil mass, shear keys are to be installed at the wall base. The principle of shear keys is as follows: The main purpose of installation of shear keys is to increase the extra passive resistance developed by the height of shear keys. However, active pressure developed by shear keys also increases simultaneously. The success of shear keys lies in the fact that the increase of passive pressure exceeds the increase in active pressure, resulting in a net improvement of sliding resistance. On the other hand, friction between the wall base and the foundation soils is normally about a fraction of the angle of internal resistance (i.e. about 0.8φ ) where φ is the angle of internal friction of foundation soil. When a shear key is installed at the base of the retaining wall, the failure surface is changed from the wall base/soil horizontal plane to a plane within foundation soil. Therefore, the friction angle mobilized in this case is φ instead of 0.8φ in the previous case and the sliding resistance can be enhanced.

Why 150mm Cubes Are Used For Testing Concrete Strength

 

IN CONCRETE COMPRESSION TEST, NORMALLY 150MMX150MMX150MM CONCRETE CUBE SAMPLES IS USED FOR TESTING. WHY ISN’T 100MMX100MMX100MM CONCRETE CUBE SAMPLES USED IN THE TEST INSTEAD OF 150MMX150MMX150MM CONCRETE CUBE SAMPLES?

Basically, the force supplied by a concrete compression machine is a definite value. For normal concrete strength application, say below 50MPa, the stress produced by a 150mmx150mmx150mm cube is sufficient for the machine to crush the concrete sample. However, if the designed concrete strength is 100MPa, under the same force (about 2,000kN) supplied by the machine, the stress under a 150mmx150mmx150mm cube is not sufficient to crush the concrete cube. Therefore, 100mmx100mmx100mm concrete cubes are used instead to increase the applied stress to crush the concrete cubes. For normal concrete strength, the cube size of 150mmx150mmx150mm is already sufficient for the crushing strength of the machine.

Problems in Pumping Concrete

 MAJOR PROBLEMS IN USING PUMPING FOR CONCRETING WORKS 

In pumping operation, the force exerted by pumps must overcome the friction between concrete and the pumping pipes, the weight of concrete and the pressure head when placing concrete above the pumps. In fact, as only water is pumpable, it is the water in the concrete that transfers the pressure. The main problems associated with pumping are the effect of segregation and bleeding. To rectify these adverse effects, the proportion of cement is increased to enhance the cohesion in order to reduce segregation and bleeding. On the other hand, a proper selection of aggregate grading helps to 

ExpansioN Joint - Typical Components

 Typical Components of an Expansion Joint

In a typical expansion joint, it normally contains the following components: 

joint sealant, 

joint filler, 

dowel bar, 

PVC dowel sleeve, 

bond breaker tape and cradle bent. 

Joint sealant: it seals the joint width and prevents water and dirt from entering the joint and causing dowel bar corrosion and unexpected joint stress resulting from restrained movement. 

Joint filler: it is compressible so that the joint can expand freely without constraint. Someone may doubt that even without its presence, the joint can still expand freely. In fact, its presence is necessary because it serves the purpose of space occupation such that even if dirt and rubbish are intruded in the joint, there is no space left for their accommodation. 

Dowel bar: This is a major component of the joint. It serves to guide the direction of movement of concrete expansion. Therefore, incorrect direction of placement of dowel bar will induce stresses in the joint during thermal expansion. On the other hand, it links the two adjacent structures by transferring loads across the joints. 

PVC dowel sleeve: It serves to facilitate the movement of dowel bar. On one side of the joint, the dowel bar is encased in concrete. On the other side, however, the PVC dowel sleeve is bonded directly to concrete so that movement of dowel bar can take place. One may notice that the detailing of normal expansion joints in Highways Standard Drawing is in such a way that part of PVC dowel sleeve is also extended to the other part of the joint where the dowel bar is directly adhered to concrete. In this case, it appears that this arrangement prevents the movement of joint. If this is the case, why should designers purposely put up such arrangement? In fact, the rationale behind this is to avoid water from getting into contact with dowel bar in case the joint sealant fails. As PVC is a flexible material, it only minutely hinders the movement of joint only under this design. 

Bond breaker tape: As the majority of joint sealant is applied in liquid form during construction, the bond breaker tape helps to prevent flowing of sealant liquid inside the joint . 

Freeboard in Dams

 Freeboard

Free Board is the vertical distance between the top of the dam and the still water level. Freeboard is computed from the following two considerations:

Wave height considerations

It is equal to wind set up plus 1 1/3 times the wave height above FRL or above MWL (corresponding to design flood) whichever gives higher dam top level. A minimum freeboard of 1m above MWL corresponding to design flood shall be available. If design flood is not equal to PMF then the top of dam should be at least equal to MWL corresponding to PMF. At least 1m high solid parapet is to be provided, not withstanding the above requirements.

Wind velocity generally assumed as below in absence of meteorological data:

For FRL condition - 120 km/hr

For MWL condition - 80 km/hr

T. Saville’s method as given in IS:6512-1984 is used for calculating the wave height/freeboard.

Operation considerations

IS:11223 specifies the following:

The freeboard as specified in IS: 6512 shall be available at FRL and MWL corresponding to all bays operative condition. For gated spillways a contingency of 10% of gates (min. one gate) being inoperative is considered as an emergency. A reduced freeboard may be acceptable under the emergency condition. The dam shall not be allowed to overtop in any case. 

Weight of 1 cubic METRE concrete grade m20

Volume of dry Concrete is usually 1.54 to 1.57 times Volume of wet concrete. During concreting when the wet concrete is placed, it hardens after initial setting time of 30 mins For 1 cu.m.(assumed) of Concrete work M-20 ratio Sum = 1+1.5+3=5.5 Shrinkage or safety Factor =1.57 So Total volume of wet concrete required is :- 1.57 Cubic Metre Volume of aggregate = (3/5.5) x 1.57 = 0.856 Cubic Metre Volume of sand Require = (1.5/5.5) x 1.57 = 0.471 Cubic Metre Volume of cement = (1/5.5) x 1.57 = 0.285 Cubic Metre = 0.285 x1440 = 411 kg For 1 Cubic Metre of M20 (1:1.5:3) Agregate = 0.856 Cubic Metre Sand = 0.472 Cubic Metre Cement = 8.22 bags.

Design Of Core Wall - 2

Design of Core Wall Section

 

Design of Verical Drop

Concrete Slump Test for Workability

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE BY SLUMP CONE TEST

Ref : IS: 7320-1974, IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982.

https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.7320.1974

http://www.iitk.ac.in/ce/test/IS-codes/is.1199.1959.pdf

https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.sp.23.1982.pdf

SLUMP CONE TEST

A concrete is said to be workable if it can be easily mixed, placed, compacted and finished. A workable concrete should not show any segregation or bleeding. Segregation is said to occur when coarse aggregate tries to separate out from the finer material and a concentration of coarse aggregate at one place occurs. This results in large voids, less durability and strength. Bleeding of concrete is said to occur when excess water comes up at the surface of concrete. This causes small pores through the mass of concrete and is undesirable.

Unsupported fresh concrete flows to the sides and a sinking in height takes place. This vertical settlement is known as slump. The slump is a measure indicating the consistency or workability of cement concrete. It gives an idea of water content needed for concrete to be used for different works. To measure the slump value, the test fresh concrete is filled into a mould of specified shape and dimensions, and the settlement or slump is measured when supporting mould is removed. The slump increases as water-content is increased. For different works different slump values have been recommended. The following table indicates the relationship between degree of workability and slump value.

Slump test is adopted in the laboratory or during the progress of the work in the field for determining consistency of concrete where nominal max., size of aggregates does not exceed 40 mm. The pattern of slump indicates the characteristics of concrete in addition to the slump value. If the concrete slumps evenly it is called true slump. If one half of the cone slides down, it is called shear slump. In case of a shear slump, the slump value is measured as the difference in height between the height of the mould and the average value of the subsidence. Shear slump also indicates that the concrete is non-cohesive and shows the characteristic of segregation. Any slump specimen, which collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect results and at this juncture the test is repeated only true slump should be measured.

Although, slump test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure, unfortunately, the simplicity is also often allows a wide variability and many time it could not provide true guide to workability. For example, a harsh mix cannot be said to have same workability as one with a large proportion of sand even though they may have the same slump.

Apparatus:

The slump cone experiment is conducted in an apparatus called slump cone. This apparatus essentially consists of a metallic mould in the form of a frustum of a cone having the internal dimensions as under: Bottom diameter: 20 cm, Top diameter: 10 cm, Height: 30 cm and the thickness of the metallic sheet for the mould should not be thinner than 1.6 mm.

Slump cone, tamping rod, metallic sheet, weighing machine and scale.

Material: Cement, sand, aggregate and water

Procedure:

1. Clean the internal surface of the mould thoroughly and place it on a smooth horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surf ace, such as of a metal plate.

2. Consider a W/C ratio of 0.5 to 0.6 and design mix of proportion about 1:2:4 (it is presumed that a mix is designed already for the test). Weigh the quantity of cement, sand, aggregate and water correctly. Mix thoroughly. Use this freshly prepared concrete for the test.

3. Fill the mould to about one fourth of its height with concrete. While filling, hold the mould firmly in position

4. Tamp the layer with the round end of the tamping rod with 25 strokes disturbing the strokes uniformly over the cross section.

5. Fill the mould further in 3 layers each time by 1/4th height and tamping evenly each layer as above. After completion of rodding of the topmost layer strike of the concrete with a trowel or tamping bar, level with the top of mould.

6. Lift the mould vertically slowly and remove it.

7. The concrete will subside. Measure the height of the specimen of concrete after subsidence.

Record the water content ratio.

Record the slump values in mm.

The slump value indicates that the concrete has Very low/ Low/ Medium/ High degree of workability.

Top 12 Career Opportunities for civil engineers

CAREERS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

What is Civil Engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.

Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Career Options For Civil Engineers

After a graduation degree in Civil Engineering, it is ubiquitous to get confused on how to kick start one’s career, with a more pressing question: What to do?

But what will you do with these notions on structural and practical in the future? And is it worth studying a Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering for your future career?

Well, let’s check some of the careers that you can go after when you graduate.

Where to study a Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering

First thing first, where do you want to study a Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering?

If this question rendered you speechless, let us help you with some cool alternatives.

For instance, you can study any where in the world:

Civil Engineering, as a degree, covers a lot of ground when it comes to understanding our surroundings and how to work with it, but, in the future, you will have to settle on a specialisation and follow it. Some of the most popular careers that wait for you after you graduate are:

1. Construction managers

Construction managers are the bosses of the working sites. With knowledge on the most basic things, like weather, costs, team and time management, managers have to be the eyes and ears of the person who hired them, and have to see that everything works smoothly.

2. Geotechnical engineer

Geotechnicians have to be on the lookout for everything nature-related and know how to manage waste disposal, flood control, when and where to build a dam or a bridge, and so on. And, once you get the hang of it, then, dam, you will be the best.

3. Environmental engineer

Environmental engineers are the closest we have to superheroes, as they take care of the planet and allow us to keep living here (or simply living, which is nice). You will get to go and restore landscapes and nature from what other people ruin, you will get to explain to other people what a healthy indoor and outdoor environment is, and what to do in the future to stop wrecking our planet.

4. Public Health Engineer

Do you remember that scene in Tim Burton’s ‘Batman’, where there are penguins living in the sewer and even an evil lair? Technically, as a public health engineer, you will be responsible for that never to happen!

Controlling the water supply and sewage system, you take care of people in towns and villages, making sure the water is clean and villain-free.

5. Transportation Engineer

Do you think public transportation just happens? All those subways, trams, roads, highways, and such don’t just spring from nowhere: top transportation engineers are there, taking care of us to get home on time or not wait in the rain for your bus, like the most tragic figure from literature.

6. Urban planning engineer

Urban planning might be the closest thing to playing with your childhood legos that you can get: deciding where to put a building, where a road should be, how to circle a park with a fence, how not to put a school next to a prison, and so on.

7. Structural engineer

Structural engineers can start their career as a construction designer and can further become project managers. One can seek employment in private section and public sector as well. Professionals in Structural engineering plays an important role in construction industry.

8. Hydaulics engineer

A hydraulics engineer is a type of civil engineer whose focus is the movement and control of fluids. They may work for government on dams, aquifers, and the environmental impact of water movement, or in private companies to determine the interaction of fluids on buildings and structures. Civil engineers have a job growth outlook about as fast as average.

9. Bridge Engineer

Bridge Engineers ensure that bridges do what they're meant to do: carry the weight of people and/or cars without breaking, buckling, or falling down. Bridge Engineers may assist with building bridges from scratch, or they may be called in to inspect or help rehabilitate an older bridge.

10. Water Resource Engineer

Water Resource Engineers develop new equipment and systems for water resource management facilities across the globe. The systems that Water Resource Engineers create ensure that citizens are provided with a continuous supply of clean, uncontaminated water for drinking, living, and recreational purposes. Water Resource Engineers not only design these water management systems, but often oversee the construction and maintenance of these systems as well.

11. Survey Engineers

urvey engineers measure the shape and contours of terrain above ground and underwater to ensure the accuracy of maps and boundary markers. Their measurements are used to plan roadways and tunnels, build pipelines and bridges, track the movement of pollutants in waterways and determine ocean floor erosion rates after storms and earthquakes. Survey engineers often specialize; a forensics surveyor may reconstruct a traffic accident by analyzing skid marks and road angles, while a hydrographic surveyor may search for fault lines as part of an offshore crew. Many professionals work in the field, collecting information while others are based in an office, analyzing data. They are employed by private engineering or surveying firms, government agencies and municipalities, or as independent consultants.

12. Cad Design Engineer

CAD drafting is meant for those who like to tinker and design. Fortunately for CAD drafters, there are a variety of fields available to choose from, such as architecture or engineering, each with its own salary opportunities and job growth statistics. Most CAD drafters hold a certificate or an associate's degree.

CAD designers use specialized computer software to generate drawings, blueprints, plans, and other design documents for use across a wide variety of fields (mechanical design, architecture, construction, engineering, etc.). Entry into this career field typically requires an associate's degree. This career field would appeal to someone who enjoys problem solving, drawing or working with engineers

Start your venture

After all, who doesn’t want to be their own boss? A self-made venture of a civil engineer is a territory which is sacred, and which is why it has tremendous potential to grow. You can start this venture along with your fellow batchmates and run the company basis your practical and theoretical knowledge. However, it isn’t a cake walk. Starting on your own, be it any business, requires a lot of patience and resilience. Although there is no ideal age or time to start your venture but as per the experts, having a professional degree and few years of industry exposure will always give you an extra edge to succeed in your venture. So, think before you make a move.

Top 3 Training Centres for Civil Branch in Hyderabad

Top 3 Training Centres for Civil Branch in Hyderabad

1. Standard Institute of Engineering

122826/2/B, Flat: 201, 2nd Floor, Kanthi Nagar Colony Road, Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad - 500028, Near Amba Theater

www.siehyd.com 

2. Sr Engineering Institute

2nd Floor, Above Pooja Diagnostic Centre, Vijay Nagar Colony, Masab Tank, Hyderabad - 500028, Opposite to Hp Gas Agency

3. Omegacadd Training Institute For Civil & Mechanical Courses

H No 8-3-945 K & L, 3rd Floor, Flat No 303, L.S.Y Estate, Opposite to RS Brothers Lane, Ameerpet, Yellareddyguda, Hyderabad - 500073, Above Karur Vysya Bank

www.omegacadd.com

Top 12 Career Opportunities for Civil Engineers

CAREERS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

What is Civil Engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.

Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Career Options For Civil Engineers

After a graduation degree in Civil Engineering, it is ubiquitous to get confused on how to kick start one’s career, with a more pressing question: What to do?

But what will you do with these notions on structural and practical in the future? And is it worth studying a Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering for your future career?

Well, let’s check some of the careers that you can go after when you graduate.

Where to study a Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering

First thing first, where do you want to study a Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering?

If this question rendered you speechless, let us help you with some cool alternatives.

For instance, you can study any where in the world:

Civil Engineering, as a degree, covers a lot of ground when it comes to understanding our surroundings and how to work with it, but, in the future, you will have to settle on a specialisation and follow it. Some of the most popular careers that wait for you after you graduate are:

1. Construction managers

Construction managers are the bosses of the working sites. With knowledge on the most basic things, like weather, costs, team and time management, managers have to be the eyes and ears of the person who hired them, and have to see that everything works smoothly.

2. Geotechnical engineer

Geotechnicians have to be on the lookout for everything nature-related and know how to manage waste disposal, flood control, when and where to build a dam or a bridge, and so on. And, once you get the hang of it, then, dam, you will be the best.

3. Environmental engineer

Environmental engineers are the closest we have to superheroes, as they take care of the planet and allow us to keep living here (or simply living, which is nice). You will get to go and restore landscapes and nature from what other people ruin, you will get to explain to other people what a healthy indoor and outdoor environment is, and what to do in the future to stop wrecking our planet.

4. Public Health Engineer

Do you remember that scene in Tim Burton’s ‘Batman’, where there are penguins living in the sewer and even an evil lair? Technically, as a public health engineer, you will be responsible for that never to happen!

Controlling the water supply and sewage system, you take care of people in towns and villages, making sure the water is clean and villain-free.

5. Transportation Engineer

Do you think public transportation just happens? All those subways, trams, roads, highways, and such don’t just spring from nowhere: top transportation engineers are there, taking care of us to get home on time or not wait in the rain for your bus, like the most tragic figure from literature.

6. Urban planning engineer

Urban planning might be the closest thing to playing with your childhood legos that you can get: deciding where to put a building, where a road should be, how to circle a park with a fence, how not to put a school next to a prison, and so on.

7. Structural engineer

Structural engineers can start their career as a construction designer and can further become project managers. One can seek employment in private section and public sector as well. Professionals in Structural engineering plays an important role in construction industry.

8. Hydaulics engineer

A hydraulics engineer is a type of civil engineer whose focus is the movement and control of fluids. They may work for government on dams, aquifers, and the environmental impact of water movement, or in private companies to determine the interaction of fluids on buildings and structures. Civil engineers have a job growth outlook about as fast as average.

9. Bridge Engineer

Bridge Engineers ensure that bridges do what they're meant to do: carry the weight of people and/or cars without breaking, buckling, or falling down. Bridge Engineers may assist with building bridges from scratch, or they may be called in to inspect or help rehabilitate an older bridge.

10. Water Resource Engineer

Water Resource Engineers develop new equipment and systems for water resource management facilities across the globe. The systems that Water Resource Engineers create ensure that citizens are provided with a continuous supply of clean, uncontaminated water for drinking, living, and recreational purposes. Water Resource Engineers not only design these water management systems, but often oversee the construction and maintenance of these systems as well.

11. Survey Engineers

urvey engineers measure the shape and contours of terrain above ground and underwater to ensure the accuracy of maps and boundary markers. Their measurements are used to plan roadways and tunnels, build pipelines and bridges, track the movement of pollutants in waterways and determine ocean floor erosion rates after storms and earthquakes. Survey engineers often specialize; a forensics surveyor may reconstruct a traffic accident by analyzing skid marks and road angles, while a hydrographic surveyor may search for fault lines as part of an offshore crew. Many professionals work in the field, collecting information while others are based in an office, analyzing data. They are employed by private engineering or surveying firms, government agencies and municipalities, or as independent consultants.

12. Cad Design Engineer

CAD drafting is meant for those who like to tinker and design. Fortunately for CAD drafters, there are a variety of fields available to choose from, such as architecture or engineering, each with its own salary opportunities and job growth statistics. Most CAD drafters hold a certificate or an associate's degree.

CAD designers use specialized computer software to generate drawings, blueprints, plans, and other design documents for use across a wide variety of fields (mechanical design, architecture, construction, engineering, etc.). Entry into this career field typically requires an associate's degree. This career field would appeal to someone who enjoys problem solving, drawing or working with engineers

Start your venture

After all, who doesn’t want to be their own boss? A self-made venture of a civil engineer is a territory which is sacred, and which is why it has tremendous potential to grow. You can start this venture along with your fellow batchmates and run the company basis your practical and theoretical knowledge. However, it isn’t a cake walk. Starting on your own, be it any business, requires a lot of patience and resilience. Although there is no ideal age or time to start your venture but as per the experts, having a professional degree and few years of industry exposure will always give you an extra edge to succeed in your venture. So, think before you make a move.